Unveiling the Yin-Yang Balance of M1 and M2 Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of Exosomes in Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Modulation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high mortality rate and limited treatment options. Recent research has brought attention to the significant importance of intercellular communication in progression HCC, wherein exosomes have been identified as critical agents facilitating cell-to-cell signaling. In this article, we investigate impact macrophages both sources targets shedding light on intricate interplay between exosome-mediated macrophage involvement HCC pathogenesis. It investigates how derived from cells other cell types within tumor microenvironment (TME) can influence behavior, polarization, recruitment. Furthermore, section explores reciprocal interactions macrophage-derived cells, stromal immune elucidating their role growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, evasion. The findings presented here contribute better understanding offer new avenues for targeted interventions improved patient outcomes.